Numerical simulation of single droplet dynamics in three-phase flows using ISPH

In this study, a new surface tension formulation for modeling incompressible, immiscible three-phase fluid flows in the context of incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) in two dimensions has been proposed. A continuum surface forcemodel is employed to transform local surface tension force to a volumetric force while physical surface tension coefficients are expressed as the sum of phase specific surface tension coefficients, facilitating the implementation of the proposed method at triple junctions where all three phases are present. Smoothed color functions at fluid interfaces alongwith artificial particle displacement throughout the computational domain are combined to increase accuracy and robustness of themodel. In order to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposedmethod, several numerical simulations have been carried out and results are compared to analytical data available in literature. Results obtained by simulations are compatible with analytical data, demonstrating that the ISPH schemeproposedhere is capable of handling three-phase flows accurately.